Anovulatory bleeding can result from which of the following factors?

Anovulatory bleeding can indeed result from both estrogen excess and progesterone deficiency, which makes the choice that includes both factors the correct answer.

In the context of anovulatory bleeding, the menstrual cycle is disrupted due to the absence of ovulation. Normally, ovulation leads to a balance of hormones, particularly the surge of progesterone post-ovulation, which stabilizes the endometrial lining. If ovulation does not occur, progesterone levels remain low since the corpus luteum, which produces this hormone, does not form. Without sufficient progesterone, the endometrial lining becomes unstable and can shed irregularly, leading to anovulatory bleeding.

At the same time, excessive estrogen can cause the endometrium to proliferate significantly. When this occurs without the counterbalancing effect of progesterone, the lining can become overly thick. Eventually, this excess growth may lead to irregular shedding of the lining, resulting in abnormal bleeding patterns.

Both factors—excess estrogen leading to over-proliferation and insufficient progesterone eliminating stabilization—play interconnected roles in the occurrence of anovulatory bleeding, supporting the choice that includes them both as contributing factors. Other options like sexually transmitted infections are generally associated with different types of menstrual irregular